View source for Integration of a Low Noise Amplifier and a USRP Device

==Introduction==
This application note shows how to properly connect an external LNA to a USRP device. 

Application Note Number: AN-5501

Authors: John Smith and Jane Smith

Last Modified Date: 2016/04/15

Reference: https://www.ettus.com/content/files/kb/Integration_of_a_Low_Noise_Amplifier_and_a_USRP_Device_1.pdf

==Overview==
Some applications require receivers to maintain extraordinarily low noise figure (NF). In these cases, it is possible to use an external low-noise amplifier (LNA) to improve the cascaded NF of the USRPTM (Universal Software Radio Peripheral). This application note provides directions on how to install and power an external LNA with a Ettus Research USRP hardware and/or Bias-Ts.

==Why Use an LNA?==
An LNA is typically used to provide low noise gain as close as possible to the antenna. Sometimes, especially in GPS receiver applications, the LNA is integrated into an active antenna. The ultimate effect is a reduction in receiver’s noise figure achieved by amplifying the desired signal before it is attenuated by other, passive components in the receiver chain.

==NF Performance of the USRP and Daughterboards==
The NF of a USRP hardware-based receiver ranges from 5-13 dB and depends on the daughterboard selected. This parameter may vary from unit to unit, and is specified with maximum receiver gain settings.

==LNA Integration with the USRP Devices==
Generally, a wireless system designed with a USRP radio will utilize connectorized LNAs. Mini-Circuits® is a common source for these LNAs. In some cases, the LNA may be a component within the antenna. Example part numbers for a variety of LNAs and active antennas are shown in Table 1 and Table 2. The discussions about power distribution are applicable to both external LNAs and active antennas.

{| class="wikitable" style="margin: auto;"
!
!Min Freq (MHz)
!Max Freq (MHz)
!Gain (dB)
!P1DB (dB)
!NF (dB)
!IIP3 (dBm)
!Current (mA)
!Voltage (V)
|-
|ZFL-1000N+
|0.1
|1000
|20
|3
|2.9
|14
|60
|15
|-
|ZX-60-33LN+
|50
|3000
|13
|16.5
|1.1
|32
|88
|5
|-
|ZEL-0812LN
|800
|1200
|20
|8
|1.5
|18
|70
|15
|-
|ZX60-542LN+
|4400
|5400
|24
|10
|1.9
|23
|80
|12
|-
|LNA-1575-349
|1555
|1595
|8
|20
|1.9
|24
|100
|5.5-18
|-
|}
<center>Table 1- LNAs from Mini-Circuits</center>


{| class="wikitable" style="margin: auto;"
!
!Min Freq (MHz)
!Max Freq (MHz)
!Ant Gain (db)
!LNA Gain (db)
!LNA NF (dB)
!LNA IIP3 (dBm)
!Current (mA)
!Voltage (V)
|-
|UC-4364-513
|435
|438
|18
|No Spec
|1
|14
|50
|5-15
|-
|UL-1501-B384
|100
|3000
|15
|12
|1.8
|33
|125
|5-15
|-
|UC-1574-341
|1565
|1585
|17
|No Spec
|1.9
|24
|100
|5.5-18
|-
|}
<center>Table 2 - Active Antennas</center>


==Powering an External LNA or Active Antenna==
There are two general methods used to provide power to an external LNA; coaxially or with an independent power connection. The method required will depend on the selected LNA, daughterboard and power requirements.

Many LNAs and active antennas require power to be applied to the conductor of the coaxial cable, which also acts as the path for the RF signal. This requires some method to isolate the receiver input from the DC component, which usually requires AC coupling via a capacitor, or a Bias-T. The functional model for a Bias-T is shown in Figure 1.


[[File:Lna usrp figure 1.png|700px|center]]

==Powering an External LNA with a DBSRX2 Daughterboard==
In order to provide easy access to DC power for common applications such as GPS reception, the DBSRX2 daughterboard includes an on-board Bias-T, which is enabled by populating and shorting jumper J101 on the board. This configuration provides a 3.3V power supply to the conductor of the RF connector via a 27 nH inductor. The purpose of the inductor is to filter any potential noise sources that may interfere with the RF reception of the DBSRX2.

Note the current sourced by this Bias-T should be limited to 100 mA. Any additional current will damage the in-line inductor, and could change the impedance of the circuit. This will reduce the receive performance of the DBSRX2, and could potentially lead to damage of other components within the system.

The schematic of the DBSRX2 daughterboard, and a photo of the jumper configuration, can be seen in figures Figure 2 and Figure 3, respectively.


[[File:Lna usrp figure 2.png|700px|center]]


[[File:Lna usrp figure 3.png|700px|center]]


==Power an External LNA with All Other Daughterboards (not DBSRX2)==
The DBSRX2 is the only daughterboard available from Ettus Research that provides an on-board Bias-T. All other daughterboards require an external Bias-T if DC power provided via coaxial connection. As mentioned, Mini-Circuits is a common supplier of coaxial Bias-T's, and generally provide wide bandwidth capability and relative low insertion loss. One example is the ZFBT-6G+, which is approximately $80 in per unit (as of Feb 2012). This provides coverage from 10 MHz to 6 GHz. The ZFBT-4R2GW+ is more ideal for applications utilizing the BasicRX daughterboard.

Other LNAs with similar properties and a variety of packaging options are available at:

http://www.minicircuits.com/products/bias_tees_coax.html

==Conclusion==
This application note examined some sources for LNAs and active antennas and methods to integrate the LNA into a receiver system based on the Ettus Research USRP hardware. If you have any questions on this application note, please send them to support@ettus.com.

==References==
Mini-Circuits. (n.d.). Mini-Circuits . Retrieved February 15, 2012, from http://www.minicircuits.com/products/amplifiers_coax_low_noise.shtml

Myers Engineering International, Inc. (n.d.). Retrieved February 15, 2012, from Antenna Store: http://www.antennas.us/


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